汽油机转速反馈自适应控制

对汽油机转速反馈自适应点火微机控制进行了研究，对发动机点火采用开环与自适应相结合的控制方法，以发动机的转速变化为反馈信号，将发动机点火提前角控制在最佳值，试验结果表明，转速反馈自适应点火控制是可行的，它能提高控制精度和响应速度，能提高发动机的综合性能。     

农业物料力学试验测控系统设计

介绍了基于计算机的农业物料力学试验测控系统的组成和测控软件。应用结果表明，该系统工作可靠，虚拟仪器面板操作简便，实现了农业物为力学试验数据采集及试验过程自动化。     

Sensitivity analysis of optimal operation of irrigation supply systems with water quality considerations

A model for optimal operation of water supply/irrigation systems of various water quality sources, with treatment plants, multiple water quality conservative factors, and dilution junctions is presented. The objective function includes water cost at the sources, water conveyance costs which account for the hydraulics of the network indirectly, water treatment cost, and yield reduction costs of irrigated crops due to irrigation with poor quality water. The model can be used for systems with supply by canals as well as pipes, which serve both drinking water demands of urban/rural consumers and field irrigation requirements. The general nonlinear optimization problem has been simplified by decomposing it to a problem with linear constraints and nonlinear objective function. This problem is solved using the projected gradient method. The method is demonstrated for a regional water supply system in southern Israel that contains 39 pipes, 37 nodes, 11 sources, 10 agricultural consumers, and 4 domestic consumers. The optimal operation solution is described by discharge and salinity values for all pipes of the network. Sensitivity of the optimal solution to changes in the parameters is examined. The solution was found to be sensitive to the upper limit on drinking water quality, with total cost being reduced by 5% as the upper limit increases from 260 to 600 mg Cl l^–1. The effect of income from unit crop yield is more pronounced. An increase of income by a factor of 20 results in an increase of the total cost by a factor of 3, thus encouraging more use of fresh water as long as the marginal cost of water supply is smaller than the marginal decrease in yield loss. The effect of conveyance cost becomes more pronounced as its cost increases. An increase by a factor of 100 results in an increase of the total cost by about 14%. The network studied has a long pipe that connects two distinct parts of the network and permits the supply of fresh water from one part to the other. Increasing the maximum permitted discharge in this pipe from 0 to 200 m³ h^–1 reduces the total cost by 11%. Increasing the maximum discharge at one of the sources from 90 to 300 m³ h^–1 reduces the total cost by about 8%.     

生态需水研究进展及存在问题

回顾了生态需水问题的提出背景，分析了目前有关生态需水的定义，归纳了生态需水的类型，讨论了不同生态系统（河道生态系统、植被生态系统）生态需水的计算方法，提出了存在的问题，原因和今后研究的方向。     

Assessing the options for upland livestock systems under CAP reform: Developing and applying a livestock systems model within whole-farm systems analysis

This paper presents a scenario-based analysis of the impacts of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) reform for upland agriculture using a Welsh case-study. Specifically the paper examines the impacts of the introduction of the single-farm payment (SFP), the modulation of direct payments under Pillar I of the CAP and the increase in agri-environment payments under Pillar II. Three enterprises are examined, upland sheep rearing with lamb finishing, spring- and autumn-calving suckler-cattle with calf rearing. These enterprises are modelled under conditions in 2002/3, 2004/5 and for the reformed CAP in 2005/6. To support this analysis a livestock system model (LSM) was implemented. The model assesses alternative management regimen using a flexible state-transition approach. This simplifies the realisation and parameterisation of potentially complex management regimen. The model tracks fodder requirements to achieve targets based on defined diets. The LSM underpins whole-farm analyses of stocking-rates, labour and other resource requirements and net-farm income. From the case study the paper concludes that the impacts of the introduction of the CAP reform on the financial performance of the systems are small but negative (a net reduction of around 5% in support). The larger reduction in direct payments (15–18%) is partially offset by agri-environment measures. The paper concludes that while SFP encourages a more market-oriented outlook, the adaptive capacity within systems as they stand is very limited. There are a range of possible adaptation strategies, but for the uplands the extensification of cattle systems by reducing stock numbers and cutting back on labour seems most probable.     

Towards sustainable farming systems: Effectiveness and deficiency of the French procedure of sustainable agriculture

There is a widespread consensus about the importance of sustainable agriculture. In France, the Farming Orientation Law of July 1999 has set down a precise procedure for the implementation of sustainable agriculture: the contrat territorial d’exploitation – or territorial farm contract (TFC). This paper aims to analyse the TFC effectiveness. An analysis has been made of the TFCs signed in the Midi-Pyrenees Region in south-western France, using statistical analysis and qualitative surveys of a sample of farms. The results show that the most valuable effects have been mainly economic. Effects regarding social and environmental aspects were very limited. But from the point of view of an integrated approach, indirect effects of TFCs can be observed on social and environmental aspects. These results are explained, on the one hand, by farmers’ motivations guided by economic objectives, and on the other hand, by the dominance of professional farming organisations in the implementation of TFC’s procedure. Given these results, two ways of improving the elaboration procedure for TFCs are proposed. Firstly, technical improvements can be made to the diagnostic assessment of farms, and to the choice of actions addressed by the contract. Secondly, organisational improvements can be applied to TFCs elaboration and implementation process, in order to adopt a participatory approach which would involve all rural stakeholders.     

根系生长与土壤物理性状之间的关系

根系生长在土壤之中,土壤物理条件的改变会对根系生长产生直接或间接的影响.为此,通过分析土壤主要物理条件,对土壤物理环境与作物生长之间的关系进行了评述,并对目前研究中存在的不足及今后需深入的研究领域提出了建议.     

气吸式免耕播种机种箱振动特性的研究——基于MatLab

利用振动信号采集系统PULSE软件,将加速度传感器安装于种箱附近,将振动信号通过六通道采集卡采集,通过无线网桥发射-接收信号,将信号传送到计算机;利用Mat Lab分析软件,将采集到的信号进行分析处理,得到每个通道的采集振幅图,选取振幅图中若干个频率-振幅坐标值进行Mat Lab数据拟合。结果表明:气吸式免耕播种机主要为低频振动,随着作业速度不同,频谱图的峰值就不同,速度越大,峰值越高且出现峰值的点越多;通过数据拟合可知,拟合直线越顺滑,表明此处振动对种箱排种效果越好。     

基于Matlab的根系断层图像分割处理算法

根据植物根系原位形态可视化研究的需要,利用Matlab提供的图像处理算法,编制了根系断层图像分割处理算法的优选整合程序,用多种不同算法组合对根系CT原位图像进行实例检验,采用最终测量精度法作为评价准则,对分割效果进行分析研究。研究结果表明,在90%的置信水平下,处理模块的不同组合顺序以及每个模块中不同算法的选择对最终分割效果有显著的影响,各因素对分割效果总变异贡献率的大小排序为分割(46.1%)、灰度调整(17.9%)、分割前滤波(4.5%)、分割后滤波(2.6%)、执行序列(0.5%)。根据所设计的实验例证,提出了处理流程及算法中的较优组合。     

保护性耕作条件下松耕作业机具的探讨

松耕作业能打破犁底层、恢复土壤结构，形成适宜农作物生长的土体构造，是提高地表积温和作物产量的有效措施之一。为此，探讨了在秸秆覆盖条件下各种松耕作业机具的工艺特点及机具在保护性耕作播前作业中的适应性。